5IZJ

Complex of PKA with the bisubstrate protein kinase inhibitor ARC-1411

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations
Protein Modification Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Protein kinase-like (PK-like)	8069143	3000066	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	Protein kinase-like (PK-like)	8069143	3000066	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	Pkinase_Tyr	e5izjA1	A: a+b complex topology	X: Protein kinase/SAICAR synthase/ATP-grasp (From Homology)	H: Protein kinase/SAICAR synthase/ATP-grasp	T: Protein kinase	F: Pkinase_Tyr	ECOD (1.6)
B	Pkinase_Tyr	e5izjB1	A: a+b complex topology	X: Protein kinase/SAICAR synthase/ATP-grasp (From Homology)	H: Protein kinase/SAICAR synthase/ATP-grasp	T: Protein kinase	F: Pkinase_Tyr	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.10.510.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Transferase(Phosphotransferase)	domain 1	CATH (utative)
A	3.30.200.20	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Phosphorylase Kinase	domain 1	CATH (utative)
B	1.10.510.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Transferase(Phosphotransferase)	domain 1	CATH (utative)
B	3.30.200.20	Alpha Beta	2-Layer Sandwich	Phosphorylase Kinase	domain 1	CATH (utative)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, B	PF00069	Protein kinase domain (Pkinase)	Protein kinase domain	-	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, B	cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha	protein serine/threonine kinase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein kinase activity AMP-activated protein kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity catalytic activity phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups cation binding manganese ion binding transition metal ion binding ion binding binding protein serine/threonine kinase activity catalytic activity, acting on a protein kinase activity AMP-activated protein kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity catalytic activity phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups cation binding manganese ion binding transition metal ion binding ion binding binding metal ion binding small molecule binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding protein binding ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding enzyme binding protein domain specific binding protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity protein serine kinase activity magnesium ion binding kinase binding protein kinase binding protein kinase A binding protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding transporter activator activity channel regulator activity molecular function activator activity molecular function regulator activity channel activator activity transporter regulator activity	heart process multicellular organismal process system process regulation of biological process regulation of cardiac conduction regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process biological regulation circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation cardiac conduction regulation of multicellular organismal process heart contraction blood circulation heart process multicellular organismal process system process regulation of biological process regulation of cardiac conduction regulation of heart contraction regulation of system process biological regulation circulatory system process regulation of blood circulation cardiac conduction regulation of multicellular organismal process heart contraction blood circulation regulation of biological quality regulation of heart rate cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus cell surface receptor signaling pathway signaling response to cytokine cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cell communication response to peptide response to chemical cellular response to cytokine stimulus cellular process signal transduction positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction positive regulation of biological process regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette regulation of calcium-mediated signaling positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling positive regulation of cellular process regulation of signaling positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus calcium-mediated signaling regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signaling developmental process spermatid development spermatid differentiation sexual reproduction cellular developmental process spermatogenesis reproductive process multicellular organismal reproductive process cell development cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism developmental maturation developmental process involved in reproduction gamete generation male gamete generation sperm capacitation anatomical structure maturation cell differentiation anatomical structure development germ cell development cell maturation cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of interleukin-2 production negative regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of cytokine production cytokine production negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of interleukin-2 production cellular metabolic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process interleukin-2 production negative regulation of cytokine production regulation of macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of gene expression negative regulation of gene expression biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process negative regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of metabolic process protein localization cellular localization establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport nucleocytoplasmic transport transport nuclear transport intracellular transport protein export from nucleus establishment of localization localization protein transport establishment of localization in cell cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization nuclear export intracellular protein transport catabolic process macroautophagy autophagy regulation of catabolic process regulation of autophagy cellular catabolic process regulation of macroautophagy regulation of cellular catabolic process process utilizing autophagic mechanism cellular response to heat cellular response to stress response to stress response to heat response to abiotic stimulus response to temperature stimulus RNA metabolic process primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process mRNA processing mRNA metabolic process nucleic acid metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process RNA processing embryonic epithelial tube formation chordate embryonic development tube formation embryo development multicellular organism development epithelial tube formation tube morphogenesis primary neural tube formation embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching epithelial tube morphogenesis system development morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium epithelium development neural tube development tube development embryonic morphogenesis morphogenesis of an epithelium nervous system development tissue development anatomical structure morphogenesis tissue morphogenesis neural tube closure neural tube formation anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis tube closure trans-synaptic signaling modulation of chemical synaptic transmission cell-cell signaling chemical synaptic transmission synaptic signaling regulation of trans-synaptic signaling anterograde trans-synaptic signaling postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission protein phosphorylation phosphorylation macromolecule modification phosphate-containing compound metabolic process protein metabolic process protein modification process phosphorus metabolic process regulation of calcium ion transport regulation of localization intracellular calcium ion homeostasis sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum cardiac muscle contraction calcium ion transport monoatomic cation homeostasis monoatomic cation transport intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by endoplasmic reticulum regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol regulation of monoatomic ion transport regulation of cardiac muscle contraction inorganic ion transmembrane transport muscle contraction inorganic cation transmembrane transport maintenance of location transmembrane transport release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol regulation of transmembrane transport chemical homeostasis regulation of striated muscle contraction regulation of muscle contraction inorganic ion homeostasis homeostatic process monoatomic ion transmembrane transport calcium ion homeostasis regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport negative regulation of sequestering of calcium ion regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion metal ion transport maintenance of location in cell striated muscle contraction regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport monoatomic cation transmembrane transport intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis monoatomic ion homeostasis monoatomic ion transport intracellular chemical homeostasis regulation of metal ion transport regulation of sequestering of calcium ion calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling regulation of transport sequestering of calcium ion muscle system process regulation of muscle system process cellular homeostasis regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport calcium ion transmembrane transport regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum peptidyl-serine modification peptidyl-serine phosphorylation peptidyl-amino acid modification proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process proteasomal protein catabolic process protein catabolic process macromolecule catabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process regulation of proteolysis proteolysis regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process regulation of protein catabolic process formation of primary germ layer mesoderm morphogenesis gastrulation mesoderm formation mesoderm development regulation of osteoblast differentiation regulation of developmental process regulation of cell differentiation osteoblast differentiation ossification monosaccharide metabolic process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process gluconeogenesis positive regulation of metabolic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process small molecule metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of glucose metabolic process positive regulation of gluconeogenesis carbohydrate metabolic process small molecule biosynthetic process carbohydrate biosynthetic process hexose metabolic process monosaccharide biosynthetic process hexose biosynthetic process positive regulation of glucose metabolic process regulation of gluconeogenesis positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process glucose metabolic process plasma lipoprotein particle organization protein-containing complex organization protein-lipid complex organization regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly high-density lipoprotein particle assembly protein-containing complex assembly plasma lipoprotein particle assembly protein-lipid complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction cell communication by electrical coupling cell communication involved in cardiac conduction response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to glucose stimulus intracellular glucose homeostasis cellular response to oxygen-containing compound response to hexose cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus response to monosaccharide response to carbohydrate response to glucose glucose homeostasis carbohydrate homeostasis cellular response to hexose stimulus cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus cellular response to nitrogen compound response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide hormone cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus response to nitrogen compound response to glucagon cellular response to glucagon stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone cellular response to hormone stimulus mitochondrial protein catabolic process organelle organization mitochondrion organization protein kinase A signaling bicellular tight junction assembly regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly regulation of cellular component organization tight junction organization apical junction assembly regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of cell junction assembly cell junction organization cell junction assembly tight junction assembly cell-cell junction assembly cell-cell junction organization negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway regulation of smoothened signaling pathway negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction smoothened signaling pathway regulation of protein maturation protein maturation regulation of protein processing protein processing adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to epinephrine cellular response to epinephrine stimulus regulation of protein localization positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of protein transport positive regulation of intracellular transport regulation of protein export from nucleus regulation of intracellular transport regulation of establishment of protein localization regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport regulation of protein transport positive regulation of protein export from nucleus positive regulation of transport regulation of cellular localization positive regulation of protein localization regulation of intracellular protein transport positive regulation of intracellular protein transport protein localization to organelle protein localization to lipid droplet cAMP/PKA signal transduction cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus response to parathyroid hormone pyridine nucleotide catabolic process oxoacid metabolic process carbohydrate catabolic process organophosphate catabolic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy nucleoside phosphate catabolic process organic acid metabolic process regulation of ATP metabolic process regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process regulation of nucleotide metabolic process regulation of phosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process nucleoside phosphate metabolic process pyruvate metabolic process negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine-containing compound catabolic process regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process regulation of phosphorus metabolic process monocarboxylic acid metabolic process pyridine-containing compound catabolic process ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process negative regulation of nucleotide catabolic process purine nucleotide catabolic process carbohydrate derivative catabolic process regulation of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate purine-containing compound metabolic process ADP metabolic process negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process negative regulation of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate ribonucleotide catabolic process negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process negative regulation of glycolytic process negative regulation of ATP metabolic process glycolytic process pyridine-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process pyridine nucleotide metabolic process nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process nucleotide metabolic process purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process regulation of nucleotide catabolic process nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process nucleotide catabolic process ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process negative regulation of catabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process ADP catabolic process carboxylic acid metabolic process generation of precursor metabolites and energy regulation of glycolytic process organophosphate metabolic process glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of TORC1 signaling negative regulation of TOR signaling regulation of TORC1 signaling TOR signaling regulation of TOR signaling TORC1 signaling cellular response to cold response to cold cell cycle regulation of cell cycle positive regulation of insulin secretion regulation of peptide hormone secretion regulation of hormone levels positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion establishment of protein localization to extracellular region protein secretion regulation of protein secretion regulation of secretion regulation of hormone secretion regulation of peptide secretion positive regulation of secretion by cell hormone secretion protein localization to extracellular region peptide secretion secretion by cell regulation of secretion by cell positive regulation of hormone secretion positive regulation of secretion amide transport signal release positive regulation of peptide secretion secretion regulation of peptide transport export from cell positive regulation of protein secretion peptide transport regulation of insulin secretion peptide hormone secretion hormone transport insulin secretion regulation of body fluid levels renal system process multicellular organismal-level homeostasis multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis multicellular organismal-level chemical homeostasis renal water homeostasis	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nuclear speck nuclear body intracellular organelle nucleoplasm organelle lumen organelle nuclear lumen extracellular exosome extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle cytoplasm cytosol cell projection cilium 9+2 motile cilium sperm flagellum motile cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection sperm midpiece protein-containing complex transmembrane transporter complex membrane membrane protein complex cation channel complex transporter complex calcium channel complex monoatomic ion channel complex synapse cell junction glutamatergic synapse neuromuscular junction neuron spine neuron projection dendritic spine somatodendritic compartment postsynapse dendrite dendritic tree perinuclear region of cytoplasm acrosomal vesicle intracellular vesicle endomembrane system cytoplasmic vesicle secretory granule secretory vesicle centrosome microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle microtubule cytoskeleton non-membrane-bounded organelle cell periphery plasma membrane ciliary base protein kinase complex transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups catalytic complex transferase complex intracellular protein-containing complex nucleotide-activated protein kinase complex cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex serine/threonine protein kinase complex mitochondrion mitochondrial matrix membrane microdomain membrane raft plasma membrane raft plasma membrane region
C [auth G]	47P-AZ1-DAR-DAR	-	-	-
D [auth F]	47P-AZ1-DAR-DAR-DAR	-	-	-

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, B	IPR000719	Protein kinase domain	Domain
A, B	IPR044109	cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit	Family
A, B	IPR017441	Protein kinase, ATP binding site	Binding Site
A, B	IPR000961	AGC-kinase, C-terminal	Domain
A, B	IPR011009	Protein kinase-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, B	IPR008271	Serine/threonine-protein kinase, active site	Active Site

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, B	Pharos: P17612	cholangiocarcinoma pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, primary, 4 primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome adrenal gland hyperfunction DOID:12252 Cushing syndrome medulloblastoma adrenal gland cancer bile duct cancer fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma non-alcoholic fatty liver disease psoriasis

Protein Modification Annotation

Modified Residue(s)
Chain	Residue(s)	Description
A, B	SEP	Parent Component: SER RESID: AA0037 PSI-MOD : O-phospho-L-serine MOD:00046
A, B	TPO	Parent Component: THR RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 PSI-MOD : O-phospho-L-serine MOD:00046 , O-phospho-L-threonine MOD:00047
C [auth G]	6J9	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038
C [auth G]	DAR	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038
C [auth G]	NH2	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100 PSI-MOD : O-phospho-L-serine MOD:00046 , O-phospho-L-threonine MOD:00047 , L-alanine amide MOD:00090 , L-asparagine amide MOD:00092 , L-aspartic acid 1-amide MOD:00093 , L-glutamine amide MOD:00095 , L-glutamic acid 1-amide MOD:00096 , glycine amide MOD:00097 , L-isoleucine amide MOD:00099 , L-leucine amide MOD:00100 , L-lysine amide MOD:00101 , L-methionine amide MOD:00102 , L-proline amide MOD:00104 , L-serine amide MOD:00105 , L-threonine amide MOD:00106 , L-tryptophan amide MOD:00107 , L-tyrosine amide MOD:00108 , L-valine amide MOD:00109
C [auth G]	ZEU	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100
D [auth F]	6J9	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100
D [auth F]	DAR	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100
D [auth F]	NH2	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100 PSI-MOD : O-phospho-L-serine MOD:00046 , O-phospho-L-threonine MOD:00047 , L-alanine amide MOD:00090 , L-asparagine amide MOD:00092 , L-aspartic acid 1-amide MOD:00093 , L-glutamine amide MOD:00095 , L-glutamic acid 1-amide MOD:00096 , glycine amide MOD:00097 , L-isoleucine amide MOD:00099 , L-leucine amide MOD:00100 , L-lysine amide MOD:00101 , L-methionine amide MOD:00102 , L-proline amide MOD:00104 , L-serine amide MOD:00105 , L-threonine amide MOD:00106 , L-tryptophan amide MOD:00107 , L-tyrosine amide MOD:00108 , L-valine amide MOD:00109 , L-alanine amide MOD:00090 , L-asparagine amide MOD:00092 , L-aspartic acid 1-amide MOD:00093 , L-glutamine amide MOD:00095 , L-glutamic acid 1-amide MOD:00096 , glycine amide MOD:00097 , L-isoleucine amide MOD:00099 , L-leucine amide MOD:00100 , L-lysine amide MOD:00101 , L-methionine amide MOD:00102 , L-proline amide MOD:00104 , L-serine amide MOD:00105 , L-threonine amide MOD:00106 , L-tryptophan amide MOD:00107 , L-tyrosine amide MOD:00108 , L-valine amide MOD:00109
D [auth F]	ZEU	RESID: AA0037 , AA0038 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100 , AA0081 , AA0083 , AA0084 , AA0086 , AA0087 , AA0088 , AA0090 , AA0091 , AA0092 , AA0093 , AA0095 , AA0096 , AA0097 , AA0098 , AA0099 , AA0100

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.